This corresponds to a gravitationalwave frequency range of m. Most of the emitted gravitational radiation moves outwards, but a fraction interacts with the bhs. Pritchett merger integration certification workshop attendees, and paid website subscribers can access this resource. Phase matching bandwidth phase matching only works exactly for one wavelength, say. Nonlinear optical interaction in quasiphasematched structures opens up. Since the d 22 d yyy nonlinear coefficient of linbo 3 changes its sign as a result of electric field periodic poling along the z direction, we deduce that all tensor components of the secondorder susceptibility. Abstract quasi phase matching is a technique for phase matching nonlinear optical interactions in which the relative phase is corrected at regular intervals using a structural peri odicity built into the nonlinear medium.
Only those fwm processes that are phase matched through dispersionengineering 7, 8 or for which a quasi phase matching qpm scheme 9 is realized, result in an ef. It allows using the technique of quasiphasematching for efficient noncollinear terahertz thz generation by using highpower wideaperture optical beam. Substantive criteria used for merger assessment 2002. Here, we demonstrate an innovative method of realizing thin lm substrates suitable for quasi phase matching by. Let us assume that the quasi phase matching conditions. Pdf stochastic quasiphase matching in nonlinearoptical crystals.
Phase ii is an indepth analysis of the mergers effects on competition and requires more time. A circular merger is one of the three types of mergers, the other. Quasi phase matching can be expanded to chirped gratings to get more bandwidth and to shape an shg pulse like it is done in a dazzler. Quasiphase matching is a technique for achieving similar results to those with phase matching of nonlinear interactions, in particular for nonlinear frequency conversion. Reasons for mergers and acquisition failure sunidhi kumari. Keller1 1department of physics, institute of quantum electronics, eth zurich, 8093 zurich, switzerland 2institute of applied physics, university of bern, 3012 bern, switzerland 3these authors contributed equally. A conglomerate merger is when two companies with unrelated business activities or in diverse geographical areas come together to form a larger company. At the same time the highest harmonics merge in a broad band that corresponds to a single attosecond pulse, using 15fs.
Merger and acquisitions integration an approach to a. There is one distributor who buys at p1 from the manufacturer, and sells at p2 to the consumers. Phase matching and quasiphase matching of extreme highorder harmonic generation. It is theoretically shown that application of a phase mask in optical rectification scheme is equivalent to spatial modulation of the crystals nonlinear coefficient in crosssection plane of the laser beam. All involved lights could be normally incident and collinearly interact along a crystallographic axis with high ef.
Rp photonics encyclopedia noncritical phase matching. Lithium triborate crystal lbo lithium triborate lib 3o 5 or lbo is an excellent nonlinear optical crystal for many applications. Box 603, beijing 100190, china received 6 february 2015. Over the past decade, microstructured quasiphasematching qpm materials. These materials are now shown to be able to couple secondharmonic generation and sumfrequency generation through quasi phase matching. Substantive criteria used for merger assessment 2002 the oecd competition committee debated substantive criteria used for merger assessment in october 2002. Quasi phase matching qpm 1 that employs a spatial modulationofthesecondordernonlinearcoef.
The proposed methods and their later variants are now collectively called quasi phase matching qpm techniques. Shg of a pump and self phase modulation emulated by secondorder processes of the signal and an optical parametric amplifier can be integrated monolithically. We dont have any visuals to show you in this category. Using periodicallypoled ferroelectric crystals, where the nonlinear coe cient can be ipped every half this period, this method has been experimentally demonstrated nearly after two decades from its proposal due to the.
We demonstrate enhancement of high harmonic generation in the technologically significant 95 ev photon energy region by combining phase matching, quasi phase matching, and pulse compression in a single gasfilled waveguide. Quasiphase matching of highharmonics and attosecond pulses in modulated waveguides. Introduction suppose that you are planning to bid for control of a company and, before you can announce your offer, the price of the target firms stock begins to rise coincident with unusually high trading volume. Mergers and acquisitions are usually, but not always, part of an expansion strategy. Frequencydomain nonlinear optics in twodimensionally. When phase matching is achieved, the group velocities of the interacting waves are in general still not matched.
Willig department of justice merger analysis, industrial organization theory, and merger guidelines the leadership of the antitrust. Spectral management in quasiphasematched parametric. Optics periodically poled lithium niobate ppln tutorial. It relies on allowing to grow the field amplitude over one coherence length, and then, before the field would start to decrease again, the relative phases of the interacting fields is manipulated such that the desired amplitude grows again when propagating over the next coherence length. Mergers, nearmergers and phonological interpretation raymond hickey essen university introduction the issue treated in this paper is a phenomenon which has caused linguists of very different theoretical persuasions considerable concern. However, the main benefit of merger accounting is also available. This agreement and plan of merger this agreement, dated as of december 15, 2011, is by and among usmd holdings, inc. Control the orbital angular momentum in thirdharmonic. Quasiphasematching of momentum and energy in nonlinear optical processes alon bahabad, margaret m. What is the difference between reverse triangular mergers and forward triangular mergers. Company x is a multimedia house known for its magazine brands. For example, rp photonics has software for calculating all possible phasematching configurations for your device, and of all relevant parameters definition.
Comprehensive study notes that are based on the cfa institutes study guide for the 2020 level 1 exam. Differentiating the two terms, mergers is the combination of two companies to form one, while acquisitions is one company taken over by the other. It is relatively easy to structure a combination to qualify for merger accounting in the uk. Pdf phase matching, quasi phase matching and pulse. Pdf quasiphasematching engineering for spatial control of. Kapteyn quasi phase matching is an important technique in nonlinear optics and is in widespread use. On the contrary, the quasi phase matching qpm technique could greatly release the limitations of matching conditions through the suitable modulation of nonlinear susceptibility 16,17. In case cannot be provided by other phase matching techniques, there is still a possibility to circumvent the limitation of the coherence length and to ensure the growth of the desired field amplitude beyond this length scale. Merger between leading co2 laser suppliers cleared in phase i subject to conditions. Merger of equals is a phrase that is thrown around in deal negotiations and disclosures often without a full appre ciation of its mean ing, or lack thereof. The quasiphasematching condition has been obtained for nonlinear parametric. Rp photonics encyclopedia phase matching, phasematched. A quasi experimental design by definition lacks random assignment.
The reason is the lack of suitable thin lms with alternating crystal structure on a lowrefractiveindex substrate. Ask rp photonics for calculations of possible phasematching schemes and of all relevant parameters definition. Quasiphasematched thirdharmonic generation in a quasi. Pdf phase matching, quasiphase matching, and pulse. The conversion efficiencies without quasi phase matching with the same total waveguide length for the two straight waveguides are 17. Periodic poling quasi phase matching using periodic structure to generate an effective phase mismatch.
As a consequence of energy conservation and the quasi adiabatic evolution of the geodesic parameters, the total energy. Highefficiency broadband highharmonic generation from a single quasiphasematching nonlinear crystal baoqin chen, chao zhang, chenyang hu, rongjuan liu, and zhiyuan li laboratory of optical physics, institute of physics, chinese academy of sciences, p. Companies that did a conglomerate merger bizfluent. The idea is essentially to allow for a phase mismatch. The purpose of this phase is the development of a capability. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. A theory has been developed for quasiphasematched generation of a wave at a sumfrequency within a constantintensity approximation. A merger is a common business exit strategy as well as a critical growth tool. Companhia cervejaria brahma 30 15 tools for corporate development and deal design. Merger, pursuant to the terms and conditions provided in an agreement and plan of merger merger agreement. This case is an important development in the commissions assessment of mergers involving datarelated issues in tech industries as it provides further guidance on the. Highefficiency broadband highharmonic generation from a.
Pdf the theory of quasiphasematched secondharmonic generation is presented in both the space domain and the wave vector mismatch domain. Quasiphase matching via femtosecond laser induced domain. Since ultrashort pulses have lots of bandwidth, achieving approximate phase matching for all frequencies is a big issue. Quasiphasematching is an important technique in nonlinear optics. Instead of a homogeneous nonlinear crystal material, a material with spatially modulated nonlinear properties is used. The globalization results in strong necessity to originate and implement thea new corporate strategies towards the businesses restructurizations through the various types of the mergers and acquisitions in order totransactions optimize the organizational structures, management capabilities, financial indicators, aiming to establish the fully optimized profitable. A transaction to combine companies that operate within the same general market but offer a different product mix. The concept underlying the use of merger accounting to account for a business combination is. Complex merger cases held by the competition committee working party no.
In practice, this condition is typically only satis. Pdf a theory of the interaction between light waves in polydomain crystals with a random variation in the domain thickness described by a. Quasi experimental designs identify a comparison group that is as similar as possible to the treatment group in terms of baseline preintervention characteristics. Taxes cause a lot of confusion in merger models and lbo models, and even fulltime bankers rarely know how to treat everything 100% correctly. Quasi phase matching in twodimensional nonlinear photonic. A reverse triangular merger is a reverse merger in which the public shell company forms a new shell subsidiary wholly owned subsidiary, which is merged with and into the target or the private company seeking to merge in a statutory merger. Quasi experimental research designs, like experimental designs, test causal hypotheses. A pure conglomerate involves two firms that have nothing in common, while a mixed conglomerate takes place between. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting. Quasiphasematched generation of coherent extremeultraviolet light. The only difference between a forward triangular merger and a direct merger is that a.
Transactional real estate reverse triangular mergers. One example of a conglomerate merger was the merger between. The q theory under the qtheory of investment, when a firms return on capital exceeds its cost of capital, q 1, it expands its capital stock. A phased approach to merger and acquisition integration. Ability to phase match any frequencies in the transparency range. The manufacturer sets p1 6 to maximize her own pro. It is published under the responsibility of the secretary general of the oecd to bring information on this topic to the attention of a wider audience.
The approach led to a direct thirdharmonic generation with high efficiency. Naturally phasematched secondharmonic generation in a. A conglomerate merger is any merger that is not horizontal or vertical. They can be horizontal deals, in which competitors are combined. This paper investigates the choice of accounting method in a sample of 373 combinations between uk quoted companies during the period 1976 to 1987. Quasiphasematching of momentum and energy in nonlinear. Ganeev et althis content was downloaded from ip address 207. Over the past 50 years a large number of secondorder nonlin. Quasi phase matching ensures that there is positive energy flow from the pump frequency to signal and idler frequencies even though all the frequencies involved are not phase locked with each other. Exposure draft accounting guideline on merger accounting. Mergers and acquisitions transactions strategies in. Quasi phase matching strong beam of generated photons 3 eo devices 683696.
The premerger studies focus on events or activities that mainly takes place in the premerger phase. Quasiphasematched nonlinear optical frequency con version. Acquisition and merger process through the eyes of employees. The phase matching conditions for sh and degenerate parametric downconversion pdc re. After the deal phase, management attention for post merger integration pmi activities is reduced. For purposes of this section, i a change of control is deemed an assignment of rights. Keywords quasi phase matching nonlinear photonic crystals nonlinear frequency conversion second harmonic generation 1 introduction in recent years, since the introduction of twodimensional nonlinear photonic crystals 2d nlpc by berger 1998, there has been a growing interest in these structures and in their potential applications. Secondharmonic generation, phasematching bandwidth, and. It relies on allowing to grow the field amplitude over one coherence length, and then, before. Type i phase matching has the sum frequency wave e.
Ask rp photonics for any advice on phasematching issues. This accounting guideline sets out the basic principles and procedures of merger accounting. The idea hinges on periodic resetting of the nonlinear interaction phase as will be explained in more detail in the next section. Quasi phasematching engineering for spatial control of entangled twophoton states article pdf available in optics letters 294. Mergers, nearmergers and phonological interpretation. Conglomerate mergers can serve various purposes, including extending corporate territories and extending a product range. Quasiphase matching and characterization of highorder. Phase mismatch compensation quasiquasiphasephasephase. Such structures were used for quasi phase matching secondharmonic generation. Analytical treatment of quasiphase matching of highorder.
What is the difference between reverse triangular mergers. A straightforward extension of the theory to mergers would imply that firms with qs 1 can profitably expand by acquiring assets through mergers. Figure 1a shows the relative gouy phase throughout a device when focussed at the bk optimal value. The postmerger studies are classified based on their main research perspective being strategic, human resource, or cultural angwin and vaara 2005. Control the orbital angular momentum in thirdharmonic generation using quasi phase matching zhou xu, 1 zhongyu lin,1 zhilin ye,1 yan chen,1 xiaopeng hu,1, yaodong wu, 1 yong zhang,2,4 peng chen,2 wei hu,2 yanqing lu,2 min xiao, 1,2,3 and shining zhu1 1national laboratory of solid state microstructures and school of physics, nanjing university. In particular, we demonstrate qpm devices which combine second harmonic. It is opened when the case cannot be resolved in phase i, i. The acquisition of a target company by a subsidiary of the purchasing company. Vertical and conglomerate effects european commission. The pre and postmerger studies cover activities in both the preand the postmerger phases.
Pdf quasiphasematching engineering for spatial control. Phase matching, quasi phase matching, and pulse compression in a single waveguide for enhanced highharmonic generation article pdf available in optics letters 3015. Depending on the method of matching pn and nr waveforms, the accumulated phase disagreement over this frequency range can be within numerical uncertainty. Quasiphasematching conditions for a simultaneous generation. The commission found that this merger would have likely raised competition concerns. Rp photonics encyclopedia quasiphase matching, qpm. In practice, merger accounting is often used for business combinations involving entities or businesses under common control. They can also access all the presentations, playbooks, books, articles, checklists, software, assessments, webinars, research, tools, and templates on.
Modifying horizon physics could change the inspiral phase of a merger as well. Through the merger both parties hope to, among other things. The matter at hand is that of phonemic mergers and all that they entail. Quasi phase matching in soi and sos based parametric. Energy will always flow from pump to signal as long as the phase between the two optical waves is less than 180 degrees. Type i and ii phase matching the most common angle phase matching is type i and ii. Over 5,700 practice questions that cover the entire cfa curriculum. The range of wavelengths or frequencies that achieve approximate phase matching is the phase matching bandwidth. Merger analysis, industrial organization theory, and. Further information on the interaction of ec merger control laws and the act is provided in chapter 12. Quasi phase matching of highorder harmonics from nanoparticles and atoms rashid ganeev et alhighorder harmonics generation under quasi phase matched conditions in silver, boron, and silver sulfide plasmas of different configurations rashid a. Rather, the lessees interest vests in the surviving entity by operation of the merger statute.
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